2 Nonetheless, not every individual with a given risk factor or set of risk factors will develop AMD, and efforts at developing risk prediction models based on currently understood risk factors are insufficient to reliably predict the development and progression of AMD among individuals. Among the genetic risk factors, common variants in two genes, complement factor H ( CFH) (1q32) and ARMS2/HTRA serine peptidase 1 ( HTRA1) (10q26), have strong and consistent associations with risk of AMD and are estimated to contribute to a strikingly large proportion of AMD cases in the US population. 2 A large number of studies have established relationships between lifestyle factors such as diet, cigarette smoking, and obesity as well as common variants within a handful of genes and risk of AMD in multiple populations.
The leading cause of blindness among whites in the US and other industrialized countries, 1 age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has emerged as a paradigmatic example of a common complex disease caused by the interplay of genetic predisposition and exposure to modifiable risk factors.
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